Why Did Stalin Emerge As Leader Of Russia Politics Essay

Why Did Stalin Emerge As Leader Of Russia Politics Essay After the death of Lenin in 1924 there was no clear successor, this led to a lot of confusion within Russia. A collective leadership was formed compromising Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev. At the time this was seen as a practical solution, with Russia being governed through the Politburo. Stalin used this to his advantage to gain power within the Communist Party and the government. The main two contenders at this time were Stalin and Trotsky. Both men had different strengths and weaknesses; Stalin was seen as a grey blur, someone who had great administrational abilities but lacked personality. Stalin was seen as a more central figure within the Communist party whereas Trotsky was seen more left wing. This wasnt Trotsky only disadvantage, unlike Stalin, Trotsky was brought up within a Jewish family and was a former Menshevik. This made Trotsky an easy target for his rivals. Trotsky however was the more popular of the two and took a more active role within debates where Stalin would stay away. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. Lenin was seen as the figure head of the Communist Party, Stalin used this to his advantage in winning over the Russia population. At Lenins funeral Stalin gave a speech creating the impression he was deeply upset at the passing of his former superior. Stalins main rival, Trotsky, didnt even turn up to the funeral, stating that no one had informed him when the funeral was to take place. The funeral was an occasion which demonstrated both the skills of Stalin in manipulating events and Trotskys lack of judgement  [1]  . Trotsky was left isolated; many within the Bolshevik party saw Trotskys absence as an insult to Lenins memory. It also highlighted that Stalin wanted to continue Lenins work. He also created a triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin decided to have Lenins body embalmed so people could worship him, further increasing his popularity. Another failing of Trotsky was his decision not to publish Lenins final testament. Along with Zinoviev, Trotsky decided against publishing his testament, the main reason behind this was that it criticised many other the other Politburo members. If this document would had been made public knowledge Stalin never would have gained the leadership as he was heavily criticised and Lenin recommended the removal of Stalin from within the Communist part. Unfortunately Stalin had firmly established himself within the Bolshevik party. He was seen as a party man rather than an individualist. As Woods states He had out manoeuvred his arch-rival on every possible front, not least through his skilful manipulation of the cult of Leninism  [2]  . He had proven he was a clever politician and the gap between Stalin and Trotsky was widening which helped him secure power. The structure of the Communist Party at the time was a great aid to Stalin. He held key positions, one of which was General Secretary, which he had held since 1922. This was a key position that enabled Stalin significant power as Stalin had access to thousands of personal documents on his fellow party members. With the introduction of the Lenin Enrolment Plan in 1923 the job of General Secretary became even more advantageous. This plan was introduced in an effort to recruit more working class members. Stalin was now able to recruit new members of his choosing, mainly people who would be loyal to him. Stalin now had the power to out vote any opposition he encountered and could dictate orders to his rivals, as one historian states all opposition of the 1920s ended up with the same central grievance: the party had become bureaucratized, Stalin had killed tradition of internal party democracy.  [3]   Stalin now had the power to promote members to key positions within the party, mainly people who would support him against his rivals. Stalin began to isolate his rivals which led to the formation of the United Opposition in 1926. This group included former Triumvirate members Kamanev and Zionviev, Trotsky was also a member. These members where often isolated at party conferences and as a result they became weaker while Stalin continued to gather support. It was Stalins ability to appoint members to positions rather them be elected which gave him the power to win elections and to steadily build up his power base. Stalin now began launching personal attacks upon his rivals, often playing them off against each other. His main source of ammunition was the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the ideological differences. The NEP was introduced by Lenin to stop the Russian economy from collapsing, it allowed for some private profit business to be established. The United Opposition believed that the NEP was to capitalist, however Stalin criticised this view, claiming that they opposed Lenins ideas and branded them traitors under the Party Unity rule that banned members from creating parties within the party. Once Stalin had discredited the left wing to the point that they posed little threat to him he turned his attention to the right wing. This mainly compromised Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky, with Bukharin being his main threat. Unlike the left wing, these members wanted the continuation of the NEP believing the survival of the communist state relied on it. Stalin claimed that by supporting the NEP they we re undermining the revolution as it was a capitalist enterprise. Stalin was clever in his handling of these affairs, manipulating members against each other and they ultimately ousted each other from the party. Stalin had other differences of opinion with the United Opposition, and in particular Trotsky. Stalin wanted a state of Socialism in One Country, whereas Trotsky wanted a Permanent Revolution, however many Bolsheviks mistrusted Trotsky on this issue believing it was a Menshevik idea. With Trotskys history of being a member of the Mensheviks Stalin was easily able to discredit his rival and his ideas, portraying him as disloyal. Through his Socialism in One Country Stalin was able to gather more support, showing himself as a patriot. Stalin was also assisted by Trotsky himself when he produced The Lessons of October. This is due to the fact that The lessons of October was used by Leon Trotsky to attack Kamenev and Zinoviev; this then led to them attacking him even more. As a result Trotsky had to step down as commissar of the army and therefore lost a lot of his political influence. Seeing as Trotsky was one of Stalins main political opponents this also helped Stalin in his rise to power. It was often Stalins political opponents own weaknesses that helped his cause. For instance, Trotsky was an arrogant man, this helped Stalin. Of all the times Stalin manipulated Trotsky, like the incident at Lenins funeral, not once did Trotsky speak out and state what Stalin had been doing. This meant that no body really knew what Stalin was like behind the scenes. Surely if Trotsky spoke out and exposed Stalin then people would not have admired Stalin so much but on the contrary would have reviled him. Therefore Stalin may not have risen to power so easily. Another instance of the political powers showing weaknesses is the sucking in of Kamenev and Zinoviev by Stalin. They were both very naive. They were misled by Stalin and lied to for his own success. Also one of the main factors which show that the politicians were weak was the fact that many of the other politicians were very straight forward and stuck to their principles. This meant that they never really took a different appr oach even though Stalin did. Therefore Stalin constantly had the upper hand in political affairs.   Also, many of the politicians underestimated Stalin due to the fact that he was very quiet and never participated in key debates; this led to him being described as a grey blur by his political colleagues. As a consequence he was able to do many things, such as form a triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev, and not get noticed. Some Historians believe that Stalins rise was due to the structural changes that occurred within the government rather than Stalins personal qualities. As party administration began to replace the government, administration replaced politics. With this new system the majority of power fell into the hands of the party secretariat and general secretary, Stalin. It was though these positions that Stalin began to build a power base from; he began influencing major policies and to win votes off people he had personally appointed. Although his personality could be seen as the most significant factor, it was other circumstances that aided his rise to power. Through a combination of his ruthlessness and determination, his attacks on his opposition and through their own flaws, he was able to take advantage of his position within the Communist Party. The economic and political confusion after Lenins death and also the civil war also helped him to gather support in both the Politburo and Central committee. All these factors gave him an edge over his rivals. Therefore by 1929 Stalin was able to convince the Communist Party that he was the best candidate to carry on Lenins work, and to control Russia. As one of his fellow party members stated, He was a man whose aim was very clearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he accomplished it in the most convincing wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and he allowed nothing to get in his way.

Chronology in ‘A Rose for Emily’ Essay

William Faulkner takes into account the ever-complicated concept of time in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. It is a manifestation his contemplation on the nature of time. It lacks a standard chronology. Faulkner ensnare almost three quarters of century in a few page story. He does it superbly by avoiding a proper chronological order. Faulkner skillfully put the story up to demonstrate the indefinable and intangible character of time. He constructs it in such a subtle manner that it is hard to detect any chronological order of the plot. Time does not flow in a linear direction but take a circular direction with the progress of story. Fault consciously or unconsciously does not concern himself with specific dates. A handful of explicit dates are cited in the story. But these indications reveal as plenty of information about the linear chronology of the vents. For example, it is quite clear that remittance of Emily’s taxes by Colonel Sartoris takes place in 1894. It is further provided that he is dead for the last ten years and this the time Emily meets the new aldermen. Story further discloses that Emily died at 74. This hint capacitates us to construct a linear chronology of the events. The linear sequence of events in Emily’s life is as follow; Section 4 illustrates her birth during civil war. Section 2 describes a joint ride with her father in an old wagon. Her father dies. Homer Barron appears on the scene and an amorous affairs starts with Emily in section 3. She purchases male lavatory set and outfits for him in section 4. We are again forced to revert back to section 3 when town people degrade him and reverted back and summon her cousin. Section 4 is marked with the arrival of cousins and departure of Homer from the town. He returns back after the exit of her cousins. We again slip back to section 3 where Emily purchase poison from a local vendor and Homer disappears in the next section. Section 2 illustrate stink from her house indicating his death and four aldermen are shown sprinkling water on her grave. Faulkner has used a novel narrative technique as story starts with Emily’s funeral (the end) and concludes with the finding of Homer’s rotten dead body. Faulkner’s concept of time and its effective utilization does not weaken the story but it is the most obvious strength of its plot, construction and thematic expressions. Although presentation of time in this manner is mostly related is subject to philosophical orientation of the author but it had deep impact on the plot. He merges past into present and present into past and this feature of the story captivates the reader. â€Å"Faulkner gives the story a chronology, but as with so many of his stories, we have to sort it out† (McGlynn 461); Furthermore, it hinders the formulation of reader’s judgment about Emily till the end. The effects of this non-linear chronology on the story are beautifully summed up by McGlynn (1969). He says that â€Å"A chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily’ is useful for at least two reasons: it makes the plot more easily comprehensible, and it helps clarify the function of time in the story† (461). By evading a clear and linear chronological order of events, Faulkner attempts to provide his reader a riddle comprised of various bits. However, he provides clues to facilitate this puzzle-solving. The motive behind this exercise seems to involve his reader more deeply in the story. So above-mentioned arguments and supported evidence clearly suggest that time is not present in a simple chronological way in the story but it is manifested in random manner and plot flows with the flow of the consciousness of the narrator and does not follow the rules and principle of chronological time. Works Cited Faulkner, William. 1970. A rose for Emily. Columbus; Merrill. McGlynn, Paul D. 1969. William Faulkner: An Interpretation; â€Å"The Chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Studies in Short Fiction. 6.

cheat sheet - 1448 Words

1. The sociological perspective, as a way of thinking about the world, includes the sociological imagination from C. Wright Mills, the beginner’s mind from Bernard McGrane, and the idea of culture shock from anthropology. Explain what all three of these concepts have in common. Response: All three of these concepts have in common are the idea of breaking down social barriers to gain a different perspective on culture people and behaviors. When a person is in a new area where the culture is different it is betters to break down walls and keep an open mind they all deal with society and the differences they may have compared to the one a person is accustomed to. 2. Sociologists often have to decide if they are going to adopt a†¦show more content†¦Karl Marx believes that a capitalistic society separates the rich from the poor. corporations that holds the money hold the power to dictate whether certain fucntions of society. 8. Describe the main features of postmodern social theory, and explain both positive and negative reactions to these features. Response: The main features of postmodern social theory is that it is diverse pluralistic and contingent. The positives reactions towards this theory cognitive relativism which can be summed up to the that conventional truth is illusory and that culture and language create valid and subjective realities. The negatives of postmodernism is that everything is fragmented there is no order claims to truth and stability. 9. If you were feeling very generous to shoe manufacturers, you might argue that the manifest function of the production of newer and more expensive athletic shoes is to increase athletic performance. For a moment, let’s not be generous. Explain another manifest function of the appearance of new athletic shoes, as well as at least two latent functions. Response: another purpose of the manifest function could be to showcase the increased comfort of the shoe by having extra footing on the bottom of the shoe one of the latent functions. Two unintended latent functions could be the stitching and the quality of materials on the shoe and also the design and how the colorShow MoreRelatedMidterm Cheat Sheet2618 Words   |  11 PagesMidterm Cheat Sheet (EDG 701) |Period of |Freud Psychosexual |Erickson | |Life | |Psychosocial (role | | | |of ego/social influ)| |First Year|Oral Stage—oral |Infancy: Trust vs. | | |fixations/gratificat|Mistrust—basic needs| | |ion—mistrust of |met=trust; not | | |others, rejection, |met=mistrust | | |love/fear of | | | |intimateRead MoreStatistics Cheat Sheet1965 Words   |  8 PagesStatistics Cheat Sheet Proportion = Frequency x 100 = Percentage Total No | Z score (standardised value)-how many sds from the mean the value liesZ score = data value – mean Standard deviation | Metric Data = ExploreCategory = Frequencies | Bigger sample size will give a narrower confidence interval range (more specific) outliers affect the mean but not the median – this is why the median is preferred here.mean | | Reports -Only give confidenceRead MoreCeh Cheat Sheet3910 Words   |  16 PagesFootprinting The phases of an attack 1. 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The author often interrupts action to delve into a weapon’s previous owners and its history. In the introduction, Burton Raffel states, â€Å"The important tools, in this poem, are weapons: proven swords and helmets are handed downRead MoreMicroeconomics Cheat Sheet3925 Words   |  16 PagesMarket Structure | NumberofSellers | TypeofProduct | BarrierstoEntry? | DemandCurve | Profit Maximization Condition | Perfect Competition | Many | Homogenous | No | Horizontal (perfectly elastic) | MR = MC | Monopoly | One | Unique | Yes | Downward Sloping | MR = MC | Monopolistic Competition | Many | Differentiated | No | Downward Sloping | MR = MC | Oligopoly | Few | Homogenous or Differentiated | Yes | Downward Sloping | MR = MC | The natural monopoly may be regulated through price, profitRead MoreLaw Cheat Sheet2835 Words   |  12 PagesNotes Intention – SOCIAL OR DOMESTIC- do not intend to create legal relations. 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Soil Pollution Harming Chemicals Used in Farming Essay

The country side: where there are trailing meadows of green grass, birds singing the day’s melody, children either are heading to the mill pond to fish or going to play in endless fields of dirt. This life seems simple and maybe even perfect. Down the back roads, many farms fill up the country side. Farming is a part of the importance of evolution. Humans went from not just hunting and gathering but making their own food to feed themselves and others too. This soon led into food production. Humans across the globe took this part of history and made production essential to life. There is a problem though, it is called soil pollution. Soil pollution is when either a natural or chemical product is put into the soil and makes it†¦show more content†¦Feeding is the first task that needs to be done. Depending on the species of animal, number of head, and what it eats machinery may be needed to help distribute the food. After the animals are fed they are released t o their pastures for the day, if not out already. Then the stalls, paddocks, and or barns are cleaned. Manure, straw, and shavings are cleaned out. This biological material is normally stored in a section on the farm made specifically for this bio material. When the cleaning is all done and depending on the season, farmers may go out to the fields until the day is done. They are planting, spreading fertilizers and pesticides, tilling, spreading manure, harvesting, or baling hay and straw. All of this is done by special farming machinery. Not too much of this is done by horse or manual labor. When the day is done in the fields they trail back to the barns, feed the animals, and let them in for the night. The farmer then lies down for the night until they rise again to do it all over the next day. Even though farmers across the globe may be feeding the population they are contributing to soil pollution. Planting and harvesting are very important in our life style today. Wi thout both, our life may not be how it is. Farming helped write our history and is still doing so. It is contributing to our history for the good and the bad. Farms from the past compared to modern farms both contributed to soilShow MoreRelatedLand Pollution : The Solutions, Causes And Effects Of Land Pollution1613 Words   |  7 Pagesexplaining our topic (land pollution) on a broad scale, relating things to the whole world. As we get deeper into our topic we will go more in depth into how land pollution affects our community and how we can relate to it in our everyday life. The main questions that we will be answering in this paper is;what is land pollution?, what are the causes and effects of land pollution?, what are the different types of land pollution?, and how can we prevent land pollution? According to eschooltodayRead MorePollution As An Environmental Problem1426 Words   |  6 PagesPOLLUTION AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM Introduction The environment is always facing sudden changes due to natural forces like the eruption of volcanic and earthquakes. However human activities have in the recent times being blamed as the major contributor to the majority of the environmental problems that there are today. Among the numerous environmental issues is pollution. Human activities have been solely responsible for soil, water, and air pollution that has made the entire environment pollutedRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Organic Farming in the Pacific1522 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming to the Pacific Community? 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Family - 2565 Words

PAPER 1 What Makes a Dysfunctional Family Appear Normal Name University 10/26/11 THESIS: DENIAL LEADS TO DETERIORATION OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILIES Introduction There is a very thin line between functional families and dysfunctional ones. At the same time, the term ‘functional families’ does not give the true picture of such families. This is because it describes a nonexistent phenomenon. There is no such a thing as a completely functional family. Instead, there is a desirable family, one which exhibits very few of the characters that describe the dysfunctional families. Every family has problems of their own and it is how they tackle†¦show more content†¦Therefore, there is need for carrying out research studies that will provide adequate, accurate and reliable information for experts to help the families solve the problem. Scope of the study This study will have a focus on the family problems associated with partner conflicts that normally lead to family breakages and divorce. In addition, other factors associated with this phenomenon will be highlighted and considered as some of the variables in the study. For example, it is important for the researcher to consider the effect marriage breakages and divorce on the children’s psychological, mental and moral well being as some of the effects of divorce as the study topic (Fincham, 2009). The study will also consider and focus on these factors as social problems and not just specific issues in certain families. All the participants in the study population will receive a similar set of questionnaires in order to limit the study to the specific study topic, area and population. Limitations of the study This study aims at improving the capacity and quality of the available information and provides a good foundation for experts in social work to develop effective strategies toShow MoreRelatedFamily : Family With Family Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Interview Family Therapy is a great way to open up and really get concerns and issues out in the open with families. The assignment was to have a non-clinical family interview, it was not like a therapy session, but it gave great insight of have a family session could go, it was a great experience. It allowed me to be the interviewer and ask questions about a family. It was a really interesting assignment. It consisted of selecting a family, asking questions, observing, and forming my thoughtsRead MoreFamily Of Family And Family Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesFamily! Family! Family! Family can be a wonderful thing. It can be healthy or unhealthy. It can be functional or dysfunctional. 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We were walking to the car when the attendance keeper ran us down to come back for a parent. The counselors were all busy with some in meetings, covering classes, etc. Our student came in upset that morning. The mother, daughter, and cousin wanted to debrief the school on what happened the night before. The parents are going through finalizing divorce and a custody battleRead MoreThe Family Of A Family1319 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A family is a group of two or more people that are related by blood, marriage (registered), adoption, step or fostering, and who usually live together in the same household. This includes newly-weds without children, gay partners, couples with dependants, single mums or dads with children, siblings living together, and many other variations (What is a family, 2013). A family consists of many variables that work together to form a system. The main functions of a family are to ensure thatRead MoreFamily Matters : Family And Family2012 Words   |  9 PagesFamily Matters Family isn’t who shares the same blood. Family isn’t who you’re related to. Family isn’t who birthed you. Family isn’t who you share a house with. Family isn’t in the blood. Family is the people who would shed blood for you, no matter what. My dad, he doesn’t share the same blood as me. He wasn’t there holding my mother’s hand when her emotions were awoken by the sound of her first born, a girl, being swaddled in blankets and handed over to her embrace. He hasn’t lived in the same

Geography Influenced Civilization Free Essays

Sakija Wilkinson HST 140 WA/4 WA2 Geography Influenced Civilization Geography influenced civilization that arose in china, in so many ways. One way was the yellow river in which ancient china basically grew out of. All of the earliest civilizations arose on flood plains of major rivers because these lands provided the fertile land required to support their civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on Geography Influenced Civilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The yellow river was used to contribute to china’s civilization by also being as a highway to unify and control. There was also the warring states period which came about when the steppe cavalries became a serious threat to china in northern region, which ended when Qin Kingdom conquered the rest. During this period though, there were fights among seven major kingdoms that were independent and they were fighting to gain power and to become superior to all other in authority. Geography comes in with the help of the mountains and hills that contributed toward the sturdy walls that were built by the three northern states to keep raids from happening with the nomads and also to defend their villages. Lui, pp. 22-23, Unit 4 Module; Politics in State Power in Great River Valley Societies). The Land, soil and river provide resources for the farming and contributed toward the ranking and freedom of certain people. â€Å"Those who devoted themselves to the fundamental enterprise and through their farming and weaving contributed much grain and cloth would be freed from tax and corvee. † (Rielly, 2010, p. 129). Also farmers served as soldiers, and because of this the portion of agriculture provided the lifeblood of the state. Food was also produced and any of the farmer-soldiers that did not produce such food for everyone in the state this would lead to them playing less of a role inside the society. It is also bee allegedly stated that with the help of agricultural land, the Qin removed the grid paths, footpaths were opened up and boundaries were set. This also led to the thought of historians which thought that these changes that were made contributed to the sale of land and made it able to be done. Rielly 4/1). There are some differences among China and Mesopotamia and there were also some similarities when it came to the civilization and geography. As it is true that the early societies and states including Mesopotamia and China all arouse along large rivers, and they were also the earliest states to become established on the earth. Many people in both civilizations, China and Mesopotamia were farmers providing crops and food for others. Since they both were river civilizations they each had its own advantages of trade routes, transportation, food, and plenty of water for drinking and also for crops at one point. China was located in eastern Asia where mountains helps a lot of their civilization and was common. These mountains cause china to be protected due to the walls that were built, and also helped out with trade which provide an upper hand for china. As for Mesopotamia its locations was in western Asia where the lands were flat and them not being able to have much protection. Mesopotamia was big in armies and military because of their flat open land which caused them to be more advanced in military defense than china. They also had similarities in problems which seem to be something like a global pattern when it came to war, rituals and oracles being gamblers means of power. Geography played much part in civilization of the passed also when it came to similarities and differences of certain regions, and it will continue to play a part in the future as well. (Armesto pp. 89-90. Unit 4 module; The Influence of Geography on the Development of Societies and States) How to cite Geography Influenced Civilization, Papers

Feudalism In Germany Essay Example For Students

Feudalism In Germany Essay Germany stretches from the Alps to the Baltic Sea. It includes large mountains, hills, rivers, forests, and planes. Elevations in Germany range from sea level to 9718 feet. Temperatures average 48 degrees, and rainfall in some areas reaches 59 inches. About 81 million people who produce products from cars to chemicals to textiles, and even the trolley witch run in San Diego populate Germany. Aside from its rich culture and landscape, Germany also has an enormous history. World war one began on July 28, 1914 shortly after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdenan in Serbia. Austria declared war on Serbia and so started one of the most fierce and bloody battles in history. The war, which was estimated to last only a few months, dragged on for over 4 years. Even a country an ocean away was dragged into the war. World War I also ushered in a new era of naval and air technology. Airplanes were used for the first time for reconnasince work over the trenches, but their role as reconnaissance aircraft quickly changed when airplane crews were given small bombs and had machine guns mounted on their planes. Aircraft technology rapidly advanced with people like Henry Fokker spearheading the development of the synchronized machine gun and increasingly faster and more maneuverable airplanes. Naval technology also flourished. Larger and more powerful battleships were being developed, and the use of submarines increased. German U-boats played a great role in destroying allied shipping that was supplying troops in the trenches. Finally on November 11, 1918, 4 year, three months, and 14 days, $186 billion, and 47 million lives after Austria declared war on Serbia the war was over and European battlefields fell silent for a while. After the end of World War I things in Europe calmed down. Germany even hosted the Olympic games. People all over the world never thought that they would see a war as harsh and deadly as World War I. Unfortunately during the 30s economic stability in Europe and the United States began to degrade. Germany too was beginning to slip into economic depression, until the rise of an Austrian named Adolph Hitler. Hitler, a WWI veteran himself quickly rose to power and was able to pull Germany out of depression. His only flaw was the he and many others blamed the Jewish people for the German defeat in World War I. Hitler began to raise a large army, and also began rounding up Jews into concentration camps. Then, at the end of the 1930s, Hitler invaded Poland. Thus began the second Great War. World War II lasted for more than 4 years, and during this period over 11 million innocent people, 9 million of them being Jews, died at the hands of the Germans. 2 out of 3 Jews living in occupied territ ory, many of them being World War I veterans themselves, were starved, overworked, shot, gassed, burned alive, tortured, and beaten during the war. After the war was over, Germany was divided up amongst the allies, and things seemed as though they would go back to normal, but about two years after the war, another war, The Cold War began. Germany was under partial control of the Soviets, and East German citizens felt the burden of being part of the USSR. On August 13, 1961, Soviet Germany began construction on what was to be known as the Berlin Wall. Originally just a barbed wire fence patrolled by German guards, the wall grew taller, larger, and stronger as the years progressed. East Germany was locked behind the Iron Curtain, and most links with the west were broken. As relations with the USSR and Europe degraded, security around the wall was increased. Anyone caught trying to cross the border was shot. Even though many people made it across the border, many more were killed trying to escape East Germany. Finally after many deaths, broken families, and turmoil between the east and west, East Germany and West Germany united once again. The Berlin wall was no longer a barrier between family and friends, but a symbol of Communism, pain, and suffering. In 1989 one of the largest parties since the end of World War II was held as the Berlin Wall fell,