Why Did Stalin Emerge As Leader Of Russia Politics Essay

Why Did Stalin Emerge As Leader Of Russia Politics Essay After the death of Lenin in 1924 there was no clear successor, this led to a lot of confusion within Russia. A collective leadership was formed compromising Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev. At the time this was seen as a practical solution, with Russia being governed through the Politburo. Stalin used this to his advantage to gain power within the Communist Party and the government. The main two contenders at this time were Stalin and Trotsky. Both men had different strengths and weaknesses; Stalin was seen as a grey blur, someone who had great administrational abilities but lacked personality. Stalin was seen as a more central figure within the Communist party whereas Trotsky was seen more left wing. This wasnt Trotsky only disadvantage, unlike Stalin, Trotsky was brought up within a Jewish family and was a former Menshevik. This made Trotsky an easy target for his rivals. Trotsky however was the more popular of the two and took a more active role within debates where Stalin would stay away. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. Lenin was seen as the figure head of the Communist Party, Stalin used this to his advantage in winning over the Russia population. At Lenins funeral Stalin gave a speech creating the impression he was deeply upset at the passing of his former superior. Stalins main rival, Trotsky, didnt even turn up to the funeral, stating that no one had informed him when the funeral was to take place. The funeral was an occasion which demonstrated both the skills of Stalin in manipulating events and Trotskys lack of judgement  [1]  . Trotsky was left isolated; many within the Bolshevik party saw Trotskys absence as an insult to Lenins memory. It also highlighted that Stalin wanted to continue Lenins work. He also created a triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin decided to have Lenins body embalmed so people could worship him, further increasing his popularity. Another failing of Trotsky was his decision not to publish Lenins final testament. Along with Zinoviev, Trotsky decided against publishing his testament, the main reason behind this was that it criticised many other the other Politburo members. If this document would had been made public knowledge Stalin never would have gained the leadership as he was heavily criticised and Lenin recommended the removal of Stalin from within the Communist part. Unfortunately Stalin had firmly established himself within the Bolshevik party. He was seen as a party man rather than an individualist. As Woods states He had out manoeuvred his arch-rival on every possible front, not least through his skilful manipulation of the cult of Leninism  [2]  . He had proven he was a clever politician and the gap between Stalin and Trotsky was widening which helped him secure power. The structure of the Communist Party at the time was a great aid to Stalin. He held key positions, one of which was General Secretary, which he had held since 1922. This was a key position that enabled Stalin significant power as Stalin had access to thousands of personal documents on his fellow party members. With the introduction of the Lenin Enrolment Plan in 1923 the job of General Secretary became even more advantageous. This plan was introduced in an effort to recruit more working class members. Stalin was now able to recruit new members of his choosing, mainly people who would be loyal to him. Stalin now had the power to out vote any opposition he encountered and could dictate orders to his rivals, as one historian states all opposition of the 1920s ended up with the same central grievance: the party had become bureaucratized, Stalin had killed tradition of internal party democracy.  [3]   Stalin now had the power to promote members to key positions within the party, mainly people who would support him against his rivals. Stalin began to isolate his rivals which led to the formation of the United Opposition in 1926. This group included former Triumvirate members Kamanev and Zionviev, Trotsky was also a member. These members where often isolated at party conferences and as a result they became weaker while Stalin continued to gather support. It was Stalins ability to appoint members to positions rather them be elected which gave him the power to win elections and to steadily build up his power base. Stalin now began launching personal attacks upon his rivals, often playing them off against each other. His main source of ammunition was the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the ideological differences. The NEP was introduced by Lenin to stop the Russian economy from collapsing, it allowed for some private profit business to be established. The United Opposition believed that the NEP was to capitalist, however Stalin criticised this view, claiming that they opposed Lenins ideas and branded them traitors under the Party Unity rule that banned members from creating parties within the party. Once Stalin had discredited the left wing to the point that they posed little threat to him he turned his attention to the right wing. This mainly compromised Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky, with Bukharin being his main threat. Unlike the left wing, these members wanted the continuation of the NEP believing the survival of the communist state relied on it. Stalin claimed that by supporting the NEP they we re undermining the revolution as it was a capitalist enterprise. Stalin was clever in his handling of these affairs, manipulating members against each other and they ultimately ousted each other from the party. Stalin had other differences of opinion with the United Opposition, and in particular Trotsky. Stalin wanted a state of Socialism in One Country, whereas Trotsky wanted a Permanent Revolution, however many Bolsheviks mistrusted Trotsky on this issue believing it was a Menshevik idea. With Trotskys history of being a member of the Mensheviks Stalin was easily able to discredit his rival and his ideas, portraying him as disloyal. Through his Socialism in One Country Stalin was able to gather more support, showing himself as a patriot. Stalin was also assisted by Trotsky himself when he produced The Lessons of October. This is due to the fact that The lessons of October was used by Leon Trotsky to attack Kamenev and Zinoviev; this then led to them attacking him even more. As a result Trotsky had to step down as commissar of the army and therefore lost a lot of his political influence. Seeing as Trotsky was one of Stalins main political opponents this also helped Stalin in his rise to power. It was often Stalins political opponents own weaknesses that helped his cause. For instance, Trotsky was an arrogant man, this helped Stalin. Of all the times Stalin manipulated Trotsky, like the incident at Lenins funeral, not once did Trotsky speak out and state what Stalin had been doing. This meant that no body really knew what Stalin was like behind the scenes. Surely if Trotsky spoke out and exposed Stalin then people would not have admired Stalin so much but on the contrary would have reviled him. Therefore Stalin may not have risen to power so easily. Another instance of the political powers showing weaknesses is the sucking in of Kamenev and Zinoviev by Stalin. They were both very naive. They were misled by Stalin and lied to for his own success. Also one of the main factors which show that the politicians were weak was the fact that many of the other politicians were very straight forward and stuck to their principles. This meant that they never really took a different appr oach even though Stalin did. Therefore Stalin constantly had the upper hand in political affairs.   Also, many of the politicians underestimated Stalin due to the fact that he was very quiet and never participated in key debates; this led to him being described as a grey blur by his political colleagues. As a consequence he was able to do many things, such as form a triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev, and not get noticed. Some Historians believe that Stalins rise was due to the structural changes that occurred within the government rather than Stalins personal qualities. As party administration began to replace the government, administration replaced politics. With this new system the majority of power fell into the hands of the party secretariat and general secretary, Stalin. It was though these positions that Stalin began to build a power base from; he began influencing major policies and to win votes off people he had personally appointed. Although his personality could be seen as the most significant factor, it was other circumstances that aided his rise to power. Through a combination of his ruthlessness and determination, his attacks on his opposition and through their own flaws, he was able to take advantage of his position within the Communist Party. The economic and political confusion after Lenins death and also the civil war also helped him to gather support in both the Politburo and Central committee. All these factors gave him an edge over his rivals. Therefore by 1929 Stalin was able to convince the Communist Party that he was the best candidate to carry on Lenins work, and to control Russia. As one of his fellow party members stated, He was a man whose aim was very clearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he accomplished it in the most convincing wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and he allowed nothing to get in his way.

Chronology in ‘A Rose for Emily’ Essay

William Faulkner takes into account the ever-complicated concept of time in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. It is a manifestation his contemplation on the nature of time. It lacks a standard chronology. Faulkner ensnare almost three quarters of century in a few page story. He does it superbly by avoiding a proper chronological order. Faulkner skillfully put the story up to demonstrate the indefinable and intangible character of time. He constructs it in such a subtle manner that it is hard to detect any chronological order of the plot. Time does not flow in a linear direction but take a circular direction with the progress of story. Fault consciously or unconsciously does not concern himself with specific dates. A handful of explicit dates are cited in the story. But these indications reveal as plenty of information about the linear chronology of the vents. For example, it is quite clear that remittance of Emily’s taxes by Colonel Sartoris takes place in 1894. It is further provided that he is dead for the last ten years and this the time Emily meets the new aldermen. Story further discloses that Emily died at 74. This hint capacitates us to construct a linear chronology of the events. The linear sequence of events in Emily’s life is as follow; Section 4 illustrates her birth during civil war. Section 2 describes a joint ride with her father in an old wagon. Her father dies. Homer Barron appears on the scene and an amorous affairs starts with Emily in section 3. She purchases male lavatory set and outfits for him in section 4. We are again forced to revert back to section 3 when town people degrade him and reverted back and summon her cousin. Section 4 is marked with the arrival of cousins and departure of Homer from the town. He returns back after the exit of her cousins. We again slip back to section 3 where Emily purchase poison from a local vendor and Homer disappears in the next section. Section 2 illustrate stink from her house indicating his death and four aldermen are shown sprinkling water on her grave. Faulkner has used a novel narrative technique as story starts with Emily’s funeral (the end) and concludes with the finding of Homer’s rotten dead body. Faulkner’s concept of time and its effective utilization does not weaken the story but it is the most obvious strength of its plot, construction and thematic expressions. Although presentation of time in this manner is mostly related is subject to philosophical orientation of the author but it had deep impact on the plot. He merges past into present and present into past and this feature of the story captivates the reader. â€Å"Faulkner gives the story a chronology, but as with so many of his stories, we have to sort it out† (McGlynn 461); Furthermore, it hinders the formulation of reader’s judgment about Emily till the end. The effects of this non-linear chronology on the story are beautifully summed up by McGlynn (1969). He says that â€Å"A chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily’ is useful for at least two reasons: it makes the plot more easily comprehensible, and it helps clarify the function of time in the story† (461). By evading a clear and linear chronological order of events, Faulkner attempts to provide his reader a riddle comprised of various bits. However, he provides clues to facilitate this puzzle-solving. The motive behind this exercise seems to involve his reader more deeply in the story. So above-mentioned arguments and supported evidence clearly suggest that time is not present in a simple chronological way in the story but it is manifested in random manner and plot flows with the flow of the consciousness of the narrator and does not follow the rules and principle of chronological time. Works Cited Faulkner, William. 1970. A rose for Emily. Columbus; Merrill. McGlynn, Paul D. 1969. William Faulkner: An Interpretation; â€Å"The Chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Studies in Short Fiction. 6.

cheat sheet - 1448 Words

1. The sociological perspective, as a way of thinking about the world, includes the sociological imagination from C. Wright Mills, the beginner’s mind from Bernard McGrane, and the idea of culture shock from anthropology. Explain what all three of these concepts have in common. Response: All three of these concepts have in common are the idea of breaking down social barriers to gain a different perspective on culture people and behaviors. When a person is in a new area where the culture is different it is betters to break down walls and keep an open mind they all deal with society and the differences they may have compared to the one a person is accustomed to. 2. Sociologists often have to decide if they are going to adopt a†¦show more content†¦Karl Marx believes that a capitalistic society separates the rich from the poor. corporations that holds the money hold the power to dictate whether certain fucntions of society. 8. Describe the main features of postmodern social theory, and explain both positive and negative reactions to these features. Response: The main features of postmodern social theory is that it is diverse pluralistic and contingent. The positives reactions towards this theory cognitive relativism which can be summed up to the that conventional truth is illusory and that culture and language create valid and subjective realities. The negatives of postmodernism is that everything is fragmented there is no order claims to truth and stability. 9. If you were feeling very generous to shoe manufacturers, you might argue that the manifest function of the production of newer and more expensive athletic shoes is to increase athletic performance. For a moment, let’s not be generous. Explain another manifest function of the appearance of new athletic shoes, as well as at least two latent functions. Response: another purpose of the manifest function could be to showcase the increased comfort of the shoe by having extra footing on the bottom of the shoe one of the latent functions. 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Soil Pollution Harming Chemicals Used in Farming Essay

The country side: where there are trailing meadows of green grass, birds singing the day’s melody, children either are heading to the mill pond to fish or going to play in endless fields of dirt. This life seems simple and maybe even perfect. Down the back roads, many farms fill up the country side. Farming is a part of the importance of evolution. Humans went from not just hunting and gathering but making their own food to feed themselves and others too. This soon led into food production. Humans across the globe took this part of history and made production essential to life. There is a problem though, it is called soil pollution. Soil pollution is when either a natural or chemical product is put into the soil and makes it†¦show more content†¦Feeding is the first task that needs to be done. Depending on the species of animal, number of head, and what it eats machinery may be needed to help distribute the food. After the animals are fed they are released t o their pastures for the day, if not out already. Then the stalls, paddocks, and or barns are cleaned. Manure, straw, and shavings are cleaned out. This biological material is normally stored in a section on the farm made specifically for this bio material. When the cleaning is all done and depending on the season, farmers may go out to the fields until the day is done. They are planting, spreading fertilizers and pesticides, tilling, spreading manure, harvesting, or baling hay and straw. All of this is done by special farming machinery. Not too much of this is done by horse or manual labor. When the day is done in the fields they trail back to the barns, feed the animals, and let them in for the night. The farmer then lies down for the night until they rise again to do it all over the next day. Even though farmers across the globe may be feeding the population they are contributing to soil pollution. 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